Maritime Archaeology and History of the Pacific Symposium Highlights

Highlights from the Annual Maritime Archaeology and History of the Pacific Symposiums
(in reverse chronological order)
(Information about 1-14 & 19 provided courtesy of the Marine Option Program; 15-18 provided by MAHHI)

19th Annual Symposium, February 16-18, 2008
ABSTRACTS (In order of presentation)

Welcome and MOP Update
Cindy Hunter PhD, Director Marine Option Program (MOP) (Systemwide) University of Hawai`i at Mānoa

The Ivanhoe Shipwreck, Port Allen, Kauai: Preliminary Results of ECU’s Fall Field School, 2007
Nathan Richards, PhD, Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University (Keynote) (RICHARDSN@ecu.edu)

This presentation outlines the results of preliminary historical and archaeological research on the life and remains of the iron-hulled sailing vessel Ivanhoe. The ship, following its construction by the famous River Clyde shipbuilders John C. Reid and Company and a long life in a variety of trades around the world before its eventual loss at Port Allen, Kauai on Christmas Day, 1915 with a load of Chilean nitrate, an international crew, and two fatalities. The site of the shipwreck was mapped in September of 2007 by students in the Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University with the assistance of NOAA personnel over a three-week period. Ivanhoe also represents the initial archaeological site in a multi-year research initiative in the Program in Maritime Studies and the Coastal Resources Management Program focused upon the definition of traditions in Anglo-American iron and steel ship construction.

Lost Whaling Fleets of the Western Arctic
Hans Van Tilburg PhD, Maritime heritage coordinator, NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program (Hans.VanTilburg@noaa.gov).

During the latter half of the 19th century, whaling fleets from a variety of nations concentrated their efforts far to the north, among the bergs and ice pack of Alaska’s north slope. This was one of the last refuges of the oil-rich Bowhead whale. The harsh extremes found in the Arctic made the hunt particularly hazardous, and on two occasions, 1871 and 1876, whole fleets were trapped by the ice and crushed. These losses marked the downfall of the American whaling effort, already in decline due to the impacts on marine mammal populations and the American Civil War. Over the past several years, researchers associated with the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium have been conducting an archaeological and historical survey of some of these coastal and submerged sites related to the 1871 event in the Chukchi Sea. Now NOAA seeks to work in collaboration with local researchers in Alaska, bringing new platforms and advanced underwater technologies to the ongoing investigation. Ships conducting offshore magnetometer and side scan sonar surveys, and aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) flights will both provide essential information on what remains of these lost whaling vessels.

Sea Turtle Reverence and Natural Resource Availability: A test of Johannes’ theory of limited resources as a prerequisite for the development of traditional food prohibitions
Regina Woodrom Rudrud, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa (ReginaL@hawaii.edu)

Human colonization of the Pacific left concrete and archaeologically detectable evidence of the immediate decimation of easily exploitable species like reef and lagoon species such as sea turtles. Robert Johannes argued that some Pacific cultures used these initial impacts to learn that their marine resources were limited and furthermore such societies introduced marine conservation measures such as taboos (tapu, kapu) accordingly to ensure that such mistakes were not repeated. He suggested that a review of relevant literature would show that societies that developed taboos relied on natural resources that were circumscribed and thus easily depleted and theorized that such conditions were most likely to be found in small, non-nomadic societies whose natural resources were circumscribed by geography. It is this hypothesis that was examined here. The results of this research do not support Johannes theory but rather suggest that the valuation of the sea turtle as a culturally and spiritually significant being elevated above most other marine organisms was not due to the environment which sustained the cultures involved, but to biological characteristics inherent in the sea turtle itself.

The Northern Atoll Arc and Sailing Strategies between West and East Polynesia
David Addison, Samoan Studies Institute, American Samoa Community College (add1ison@gmail.com). Presented by Ben Finney, PhD

This paper examines the potential role of the Northern Atoll Arc (e.g., Tokelau, Phoenix Islands, Northern Cook Islands, Line Islands) in traditional sailing between West and East Polynesia. General southeast wind patterns allow sailing from Samoa to atolls to the north for much of the year. Analysis of daily wind patterns suggests the regular occurrence of periods favorable to “stepping-stone” voyaging between atolls and thence into high-island East Polynesia. This strategy would not have been available until atoll emergence ~1500 BP. The initial settlement of East Polynesia may have been more related to the timing of atoll emergence than to changes in voyaging technology.

Late 18th-Late 19th Century Trade in Hawaiian Feather Capes and Feather Cloaks, European Baize Cloaks, and Native American Seal Gut Cloaks
Susan A. Lebo, PhD Senior Archaeologist T.S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. (salebo@earthlink.net)

Status presentations, gifts, and exchanges between Hawaiian ali`i and early European visitors to the islands often included Hawaiian feather capes and cloaks and European baize cloaks. Historical descriptions, artist renderings, and extant capes and cloaks in museum and private collections offer an opportunity to examine variability in cape and cloak styles and changes in the nature of the ali`i-visitor interactions associated with them as symbols of status, sovereignty, diplomacy, and as "artificial curiosities".

Native Hawaiians and the Hudson’s Bay Company 1820 to 1930: Hawaiian contributions to the Maritime Industry
Elke Sundstrom, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (esundstr@uvic.ca)

Native Hawaiians who were employed by the Hudsonʻs Bay Company (HBC) contributed in major ways to the establishment of maritime industry and commerce on the Northwest Coast under British rule. By 1850, HBC employed 400 Hawaiians as deckhands and unofficial pilots on HBC ships, in commercial fishing, in logging and farming and as guards at forts that they helped build. They provided 3000 man-years of labor and were respected for their seafaring skills and other work they performed. HBC trade with Hawai`i produced $98,900 of income per ship voyage. After the boundary negotiation between Britain and the US in 1849 most of the remaining Hawaiians moved north of the 49th parallel to Victoria, Saltspring Island and Fort Langely. Granted British citizenship (and later Canadian citizenship), they were able to vote, buy land and build houses. They started new lives and contributed to the British Columbia economy; especially in commercial fishing. Citizenship and the right to vote and buy land were denied the few Hawaiians who stayed south of 49th parallel and they were integrated into Native Indian reserves.

The USS Boston at Honolulu, 1892-1893
Don Froning, Vice-President MAHHI. (froning@mahhi.org)

The USS Boston was the “B” of the “ABCD cruisers” that were commissioned in the 1880s, and were a significant step along the path of American naval evolution. The Boston also participated in the famous Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines at the outset of the Spanish American War in 1898. The most significant events witnessed by the Boston’s crew, however, was the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in January 1893. The Boston was on station at Honolulu Harbor for fourteen months, starting in the fall of 1892. Troops from the Boston were ashore at the time of the overthrow. It is clear that the presence of these troops influenced Queen Liliuokalani’s decision to step down, but there is disagreement still today as to the intended purpose of this landing force. This presentation includes a brief overview of the Boston’s history, with a closer look at the fourteen-month Honolulu deployment, and the overthrow of the monarchy.

This video, adapted from material provided by the ECHO partners, is a dramatization based on the account of an actual voyage by Charles Edward Kealoha, a Native Hawaiian who traveled to Alaska in 1876-77 to participate in the Arctic whale hunt. Records show that this year was one of the most disastrous for whaling crews in the Arctic; as a result of bad weather, 11 ships were lost and nearly 60 men died. Kealoha and another Native Hawaiian seaman were stranded for six months in an Iñupiaq village near present-day Barrow, Alaska, along the Beaufort Sea.

Na Mo`olelo o Kohola: Stories of Native Hawaiian Whalers in 19th Century Hawaiian Documents
Susan A. Lebo, PhD Senior Archaeologist T.S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. (salebo@earthlink.net)

Between 1819 and 1894, thousands of young Native Hawaiian men shipped aboard whaling vessels that voyaged to whaling grounds in the Arctic Ocean, off the coasts of Japan, the Pacific Northwest, California, and Peru, as well as the South Pacific, and the Indian and Atlantic oceans. These Native Hawaiian whalers served as unseasoned greenhands, as ordinary or able seamen, as boatsteerers, infrequently as mates, and at least one became a whaling captain. The names, vessels, and whaling experiences of many of these whalemen are preserved in part in countless family geneologies and stories, and in the extensive archival documents dating to the period. In this presentation, I provide a brief overview of Hawai`i's native whalers and their participation in the 19th century whaling industry, the historical documents in which their names and stories appear, and highlight two Hawaiian-language mo`olele recorded by Native Hawaiian whalers/traders written in the 1870s.

The Kiwai - Dugong Hunters of Daru. Location: Papua New Guinea; Subject: Documentary; Length: 50 minutes; Library Code: UHM AV/C VIDEOTAPE 15252

Description: This program chronicles the traditional lifestyle of the Kiwai, a group of seafarers and fishers living on the coast of Papua New Guinea. The Kiwai center their lives around the dugong, or sea cow, and their customs, magnetic practices, and beliefs are deeply involved with this endangered species. Modern methods are threatening the way of life of the Kiwai, as canoes with outboard motors hunt alongside traditional craft. This program follows the Kiwai through the complex rituals that rule the hunt, the chase, and the capture of the dugong. Narrated by David Attenborough.

Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation (MAHHI) Update
Suzanne Finney President

This presentation will provide a brief summary of the activities of MAHHI in 2007 and what we hope to accomplish in 2008.

Cape Horn; a 42-day trip aboard an 18th century square rigger; the replica HMS Endeavour
Paul Atkins, Director/Cinematographer (Keynote) (PaulAtkins@aol.com)

From the arctic to the tropical Pacific, Paul Atkins has spent twenty years capturing the world's cultures and wildlife for National Geographic and some of the BBC's most successful series, including Planet Earth, His internationally acclaimed cinematography and creative vision has earned him numerous Emmies, British Academy Awards and the prestigious Telluride Tributee award. In recent years, Paul has turned his cinematic attention to commercials and feature films, including Tides of War, Regent Cinema's first film production in Hawai`i, and The Land Has Eyes, which played the 2004 Sundance Film Festival and was Fiji's submission for Best Foreign Film to the Academy Awards. On an epic 42 day voyage around Cape Horn aboard an 18th century square rigger, the replica HMS Endeavour, Paul filmed in 70-knot winds and 50-foot seas to produce the ocean storm footage for Master and Commander which won the 2004 Academy Award for Best Cinematography. This is the first time actual storm footage has been integrated into such a sequence – it makes it look bigger, more realistic, and lends a critical “you-are-there” feel to the epic scene. Paul will be showing "behind-the scenes" footage as well as shots from the finished movie to support this talk. Paul lives in Hawai`i with his wife (and fellow filmmaker) Grace.

Maui’s Deep Blue Raider Ghost
Raymond Boland, Obsessive Compulsive Diving (raymond.boland@noaa.gov)

As part of being successful in war, a country must have a strong industry that produces enough material to win that war. During World War II, American industry exploded, producing huge amounts of ammunition, weapons, vehicles, ships and aircraft. The most produced aircraft was the B-24 Liberator Bomber, with 18,482 being built before and during the war. They served in every theatre and were used by the US Army Air Force, the US Navy and other allied forces. Despite this staggering production number, few exist in the world today and none that were flown by the US Navy; except for one located in the waters off of Maui. Discovered in 1986, this aircraft remains one of Maui’s closely guarded secrets. Over the past 21 years, the history of this unique wreck site has slowly surfaced. Identified as part of Navy Patrol Bombing Squadron 116 (VPB-116), known as the “Blue Raiders”; surviving members of the crew have been located. In the past two years some of these crewmembers have been contacted and interviewed, providing valuable eyewitness information about what occurred and the history of that crew before, during and after the crash.

The Beeswax Wreck of Nehalem Oregon: Traces of the Manila Galleon trade are being investigated by the “Beeswax Wreck Project Team”
Scott S. Williams, West Area Cultural Resources Specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA and Captain Richard W. Rogers (plialoha@hula.net)

Blocks of beeswax, planks of teak and shards of porcelain have been found along a stretch of oceanfront in Oregon for over three hundred years. Native American tradition, pioneer stories and 20th century imagination have transformed an historical event into local tradition. The identity of the "Beeswax Wreck" of Nehalem, Oregon has been a matter of speculation until now. The artifacts found in various collections indicate the shipwreck is of Spanish origin, dating to the late 17th or early 18th century. Interviews with knowledgeable locals backed by historical documents have narrowed the search area for the hull of the vessel in question. In April, 2007 the "Beeswax Wreck Project" conducted a series of remote sensing surveys over several areas suspected to contain deposits of cultural artifacts from the shipwreck. Data gathered during Phase One of the project has helped narrow the search area and offered tantalizing clues to the identity of the "Beeswax Wreck" of Nehalem. We can now say with confidence the vessel is one of two Spanish galleons, and with further research we are confident we will identify which one.

Systematic Investigation of Deepwater Cultural Resources off South Oahu Using Submersible, Sidescan Sonar, and GIS Technologies
Terry Kerby, Christopher Kelley (ckelley@hawaii.edu), and Steven Price

A wealth of cultural resources exist in Hawaiian waters below surface diving depths and include both military and civilian airplanes, boats, ships, submarines, landing crafts, amphibious vehicles, and land vehicles. Most wound up in deepwater as a result of military action, accidents, and intentional disposal. As part of its annual submersible testing and training exercises, the Hawai`i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) has been investigating their locations and conditions for decades. A number of years ago, the acquisition of submersible-mounted search sonars and a towed sidescan sonar system greatly accelerated the rate at which these items are found. With funding from the National Park Service, Ocean Explorations, and the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP), HURL conducted additional sidescan surveys around Barbers Point and participated in a separate University of Hawai`i funded sidescan sonar mapping cruise in 2007. Targets extracted from these surveys were investigated during September’s submersible training dives and found to include two unknown freighters and 1 military airplane. The authors are presently creating a geographic information system (GIS) of all of the deepwater resources HURL has located to date for use by NMSP’s Maritime Heritage Coordinator. Hawai`i Undersea Research Laboratory.

68-year-old Mystery Solved Off West Oahu: The Discovery of Helldiver 0519
Chris Liles (chris_liles13@yahoo.com) and Joakim Hjelm, Island Divers Hawai`i/Hawai`i Technical Divers

Over the last century, the United States military has played a significant role in the history of Oahu. Since the 1930’s, Oahu has been the homeport for the US Navy’s Pacific fleet and through the years there have been numerous losses of life as well as aircraft in the area. Last year local divers and members of Hawai`i Technical Divers dive team, with the help of NOAA discovered and helped solve the mystery location of an aircraft lost off the USS Enterprise in 1939. What were the events that led to the crash of 0519? Who were the forgotten crew, “pioneers” for their generation of aviators? What does the future hold for this newly discovered site?

Fact or Fiction: A case study of a Piracy Charge against Captain William Buckle of the Whaling Vessel Daniel IV
Victoria Creed (waihonaa001@hawaii.rr.com) and Isaaca Hanson (nalu_girl808@hotmail.com) with help from other Buckle family descendants

The sale and purchase of native Hawaiians in the 1800s - fact or fiction? The purchase of a native Hawaiian girl named Leoiki by Captain William Buckle of England in 1825 for 10 doubloons – worth $160 at that time, has been accepted, unchallenged and perpetuated by scholarly and fictional literature as "fact" for over 180 years. In this paper, we provide a treatment of the cultural, legislative, social and interpersonal conditions behind the story of Captain William Buckle and Leoiki and challenge the standard interpretation by the missionaries of the "facts."

Sabotage at French Frigate Shoals: discovery of the schooner Churchill
Hans Van Tilburg PhD, Maritime heritage coordinator, NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program (Hans.VanTilburg@noaa.gov)

In August 2007 the NOAA maritime heritage team was able to begin a systematic investigation of a site initially discovered by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center's Coral Reef Ecosystem Division in October 2005. The August 2007 survey uncovered clues that may help solve the mystery of the unidentified shipwreck. Based on data gathered during the expedition, researchers have deduced that the site, a turn-of-the-century wooden sailing ship, may likely be the four-masted schooner Churchill, which is known to have been lost in the area in 1917. While the identity of the ship has not yet been conclusively determined, diagnostic artifacts at the site - including parts of the windlass, three large iron anchors, ship's pumps, and numerous blocks and rigging components - appear consistent with the 178-foot, 600-ton schooner. She ran aground on a reef at French Frigate Shoals on Sept. 27, 1917. All members of her 12-man crew were rescued by a nearby vessel. Subsequently, the Churchill's crew filed affidavits charging Captain Charles Granzow with the intentional destruction of the ship. (A mysterious fire broke out after he had sent the others away in the small boats.) The captain was later arrested on charges of espionage.

Lost Fleet of the Rock Islands: the Search for Palau’s Sunken Japanese Ships

Subject: WW II, shipwrecks; Length: 30 minutes; Year Released: 1991; Producer: Bennett Marine Video; Library Code: UHM AV/C VIDEOTAPE 12217.

Description: Documents the efforts to research, locate, and explore the more than 50 Japanese ships sunk during the ‘Desecrate One’ air raid, March 30-31, 1944, in Palau.

Location: Chuuk, Micronesia; Subject: Diving; World War II wrecks; Length: 30 minutes; Year Released: 1989; Producer: Casey Films; Library Code: UHM AV/C VIDEOTAPE 3409.

Description: An underwater look at the armada of Japanese ships sunk during World War II in Chuuk. After 25 years, the ghost ships have been transformed into one of the world's largest coral beds, with related marine life.

18th Annual Symposium, February 19-21, 2007
ABSTRACTS (In order of presentation)

KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Resolving the Chronology of Human Colonization in Eastern Polynesia
Terry L. Hunt, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Manoa

Establishing the history of human colonization into the farthest reaches of the Pacific Islands, to remote frontiers such as Hawai`i, Rapa Nui and New Zealand, has long occupied researchers. Remarkably, dates for the first settlement of East Polynesia only now seem to be finding coherence, but significantly later than originally held. In part we can explain this chronological divide of “early versus late” colonization by problems in the use of radiocarbon dating, including applications to palaeo-ecological contexts. Resolving the chronology of human colonization in eastern Polynesia raises critical implications for prehistory, including issues of voyaging, subsistence, environmental impacts, and long-distance cultural connections.

Settlement of Western Oceania by accidental drift: A new perspective. [To view the article based on this talk visit: http://climate.uvic.ca/people/alvaro/alvaro_papers.html]
Chris Avis, Alvaro Montenegro, and Andrew J. Weaver, School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria

Settling the islands of Oceania required that thousands of kilometers of open ocean be crossed in stone-age vessels. This feat must surely rank among the most impressive achievements of mankind, but exactly how it occurred is unclear, since many uncertainties remain about the
navigation skills and about the vessels used at this time. Here we use a computer simulation to study the potential role of drift voyages in the discovery of new island groups in western Oceania. Contradicting early simulations, our results show that drift voyages can account for
all the major crossings in the are occupied before the ``long pause'' in eastward settlement, a region that extends from Near Oceania to Samoa. Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, at the eastern limits of this area, can only be reached by drifts under wind and current conditions associated with the El Nino positive phase.

Modelling the pre-historic arrival of the sweet potato in Polynesia. [To view the article based on this talk visit: http://climate.uvic.ca/people/alvaro/alvaro_papers.html]
Alvaro Montenegro, Chris Avis and Andrew J. Weaver, University of Victoria - School of Earth and Ocean Science

The Sweet Potato is a plant native to the Americas but was found to be present in Polynesia in pre-historic times; explaining its presence is a long-standing anthropological problem. A computer-driven drift simulation is used to model the trajectories of vessels and sweet potato seed pods departing from the coasts of North, Central and South America and drifting under the influence of ocean currents and winds. The model uses data from ocean and atmospheric re-analysis products with spatial and temporal resolution much higher than the environmental data adopted by previous voyaging simulations in the region. The experiments demonstrate that accidental drift voyages could have been the mechanism responsible for the pre-historic
introduction of the sweet potato from the Americas to Polynesia. While present results do not relate to the feasibility of a transfer by purposeful navigation, they do indicate that this type of voyaging is not required in order to explain the introduction of the crop into Polynesia. The relatively high probability of occurrence and relatively short crossing times of trips from Northern Chile and Peru into the Marquesas, Tuamotu and Society groups are in agreement with
the general consensus that this region encompasses the area of original arrival and subsequent dispersal of the sweet potato in Polynesia. Verifying the feasibility of seed drifts is complicated by the lack of data on the effects of sea water on seeds.

Polynesian Wayfinding in the Eastern Pacific ca 600 A.D.
Victoria S. Creed, Waihona ‘Aina Corp.

Polynesian voyaging involved planning every aspect of the venture - including catastrophes. Newly available translations of early oral traditions suggest that they also set up food-plant nurseries wherever our wayfarers went in order that emergency staples might be accessed when needed. Surprisingly, one credible native informant stated nurseries were established even in American coastal locations as well as over scattered islands along their travel routes, to which colonists could return for rootstock supplies to replenish those impacted by a variety of catastrophes. Recent scientific data provide evidence that seem to substantiate that Polynesians/Hawaiians had already explored the Pacific as far as the Americas perhaps as early as 600 A.D.

GIS Based Model for Assessing Lapita Aged Settlements on Tutuila Island, American Samoa
Alex E. Morrison, Tim Rieth, David J. Addison, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Manoa

The lack of Lapita pottery recovered from archaeological deposits across the islands of Samoa has both fascinated and perplexed archaeologists for over 30 years. Despite several well funded and extensive research projects aimed at discovering early settlement locations, only one locale (Mulifanua) has yielded Lapita decorated pottery. Explanations for the absence of archaeological materials dating to this time period have often focused on geomorphological changes associated with tectonics and sea level. These arguments suggest that the deposits are likely present but extremely difficult to locate; being either submerged under water or deeply buried beneath colluvial runoff. Here we present a GIS model with two main goals: First, we model the Tutuila Island environment circa 2800 B.P. We assess land availability at this time. Next we suggest a number of areas that are most likely to contain the earliest archaeological deposits on the island. Our model has ramifications for assessing a number of hypotheses regarding initial settlement of the Samoan archipelago.

Cultural and Environmental Impacts to Sea Turtle Populations in Micronesia: 3000 years of Reverence and Cultural Significance
Regina Rudrud, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Manoa

This project considers sea turtle – human ecology in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) from the perspective of environmental anthropology. It will consider environmental risks to sea turtle sustainability, the cultural significance of sea turtles, the sea turtle as a continuing source of food for atoll populations and will use this cultural valuation to develop a sea turtle monitoring program and population baseline assessment for the RMI. Our overall objective is to use these research results to enable traditional marine resource management techniques or develop culturally and socially appropriate new practices that will contribute to the sustainability of sea turtle use in the region. We are committed to ensuring the transfer of research results in appropriate and accessible formats to current populations; preserved for future generations of Marshallese.

“It is damned hart that we can’t have our wives aboard:” Prostitution and the 1826 Riot in Honolulu
Kealani Cook, University of Michigan

On February 19, 1826, the Sunday services held at the home of Kalanimoku, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hawai'i, were disrupted by a handful of sailors from the USS Dolphin. Angered by Queen Ka’ahumanu’s decision to ban prostitution, the sailors attacked the man they held responsible, the Rev. Hiram Bingham, chasing him from the service and eventually laying siege to his home. The riot, though a minor incident in the history of the Hawaiian Islands, illustrates a fundamental conflict between American conceptions of the inalienability of culturally-constructed “rights” and the sovereignty of the states Americans traveled to. In this particular case the sailors involved came from a maritime tradition that conflated port prostitution and marriage. They did not just see the ban as limiting their access to prostitutes and sexual gratification; they saw it as a violation of their right to find “wives.” This paper examines the role that prostitutes played in American and British maritime culture. It argues that sailors reshaped the concept of marriage in order to allow them access not only to sexual partners, but also to the role of “husband,” which British and American culture dictated to be a normative aspect of masculinity. Furthermore this paper argues that the fundamental American belief in the protection of individual rights provided the opportunity for the Dolphin’s men and her commander, Lt. John “Mad Jack” Percival, to challenge the sovereignty of the Kingdom.

Of Sea Serpents, Solitude and Seaburys: The Voyage of the Monongahela
Suzanne S. Finney, MAHHI

In 1850 the whaling ship Monongahela, 497 tons, left New Bedford for a whaling voyage to the North Pacific. The master on this voyage was Jason Seabury, youngest of eight and already an experienced seaman at the age of 28. Three years later the ship and crew were missing, presumed lost in the Arctic Ocean. This might be the end of the story if not for the collection of Seabury family papers in the New Bedford Whaling Museum Research Library. The letters and newspaper articles in the collection relating to this voyage represent a microcosm of 19th century society and highlight some of the difficulties confronting whalers involved with long voyages to remote areas. As if the loss of the vessel is not mysterious enough, there is the unanswered question of what happened to the sea serpent supposedly killed by the crew and stored on board as proof of the encounter. This presentation discusses the Monongahela voyage, including the reported capture of a sea serpent, and places the letters and newspaper articles within the context of 19th century expectations and beliefs.

In The Footsteps of Darwin- Brazil
Barbara Keating, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i

The H.M.S. Beagle visited Brazil in 1832, and spent much of the year in San Salvador, Bahia, a beautiful and ancient city set in a setting of luxuriant vegetation and the port of Rio de Janeiro, on the Atlantic Coast of South America. The Atlantic crossing took 63 days. Charles Darwin was the naturalist aboard the vessel. Darwin wrote about the tropical forest with “delight” at the beginning of the cruise. He wrote, “such a day brings a deeper pleasure that he can ever hope to experience again.” The ship entered port at the Bay of All Saints in April. Among other places the crew visited were Male (port), the Palace, and Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro. The palace and cathedral rose out of the maze of narrow streets with the peak of Corcovado [mountain] soaring in the sky. Charles Darwin hurried ashore and took up quarters in town with the expedition artist. Within 7 days of arrival he happily accepted an invitation to travel by horseback, 100 miles north to a coffee plantation. The vegetation, insects, birds, lizards, and etc. that he observed along the way enthralled him. But, he was soon so sick with fever he thought he would fall from his horse. At the plantation Darwin soon grew critical of the treatment of slaves. Charles Darwin remained in Rio when his ship sailed north to survey the South American coastline. While there, part of the ship’s party had gone on an excursion up the river from Rio, and succumbed to fever and 3 of his crew mates died. In Rio, the ship’s surgeon left the expedition and was replaced by Benjamin Bynoe, a shipmate who befriended young Charles Darwin, and “did what he could” to relieve Darwin’s ever-lasting sea-sickness. When it was time for the Beagle to sail on, Darwin likened it to “going into the grave.” When the HMS Beagle returned to Bahia, after circum-navigating the world, in August 1836 Charles Darwin wrote, “ this zig-zag manner of proceeding is very grievous; it has put the finishing touches to my feelings. I loathe, I abhor the sea, and all ships which sail on it.” Many of the sites visited by Naturalist Charles Darwin and artist Augustus Earle can still be seen today, as well as many of the unusual animals described by Charles Darwin.

MAHHI Update
Don Froning, Vice President, MAHHI Foundation

A summary of the Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation’s activities in 2006, and a forecast of what is to come in 2007.

Current Legislative Issues Concerning Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management in Hawai`i
Sara Collins and Holly McEldowney, Hawai`i State Historic Preservation Division

No abstract available

Whaling Shipwrecks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Interpreting the Results of the Completed Phase 2 Survey of the Shipwreck Pearl at Pearl and Hermes Atoll
Kelly Gleason, Pacific Islands Region, NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program

Recent scientific expeditions to the NWHI (NWHI) emphasize the potential of whaling shipwrecks in this region, and provide new insight into the challenges of conducting field work at sites located on these remote atolls. In 2005, maritime archaeologists began to establish survey protocol for operations in these unique environments, and a recent expedition in 2006 revealed more information which enabled the completion of a Phase 2 archaeological survey of the Pearl, one of two whaling ships for which Pearl and Hermes Atoll was named. The Pearl is an important part of Pacific Islands Regional maritime history and tells the story of the transformation of the Hawaiian Islands with the opening of the Japan whaling grounds in 1820. Following a successful field season in 2006, several completed products including a site plan, GIS database and the ongoing analysis of diagnostic artifacts all contribute to a better understanding of this site, and its role in the whaling industry during the nineteenth century. Additional work completed in 2006 at the American whaling shipwreck site Parker provides some basis for comparison between American and British whaling ships operating in the Pacific in the early nineteenth century. Though archaeological fieldwork at the Pearl site is complete, interpretation and analysis continues as these sites begin to answer larger questions about the whaling industry in the Pacific during the nineteenth century.

The Sea Gives Up Her Secrets: the Reef Crest Maze of the USS Saginaw
Hans Van Tilburg, Maritime Heritage Coordinator, NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program

In October of 1870 the USS Saginaw wrecked at Kure Atoll, stranding 98 sailors on the most remote atoll island in the Pacific. During their two-month sojourn, work parties attempted to salvage what they could from the site. They had little else to do, and naval discipline ruled the island. For the most part they were unsuccessful. In January of 1871 Lieutenant Commander Montgomery Sicard, captain of the shipwrecked crew, justified the abandonment of government property: “There are not probably three days during the year when the sea is quiet, or when, in my opinion, it would be possible to work over any part without great danger…” Fortunately, we had those three days during a recent research expedition on the NOAA ship Hi`ialakai, and recorded the Civil War era artifacts amidst the dramatic spurs and grooves of the marine topography. Video imagery helps to portray conditions at the location. Is it even possible to contemplate the standard mapping approaches in these high energy environments?

Violence Above and Below Decks: Theorizing the Dunnottar Castle
Hans Van Tilburg, Maritime Heritage Coordinator, NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Program

The wreck of the iron hulled sailing ship Dunnottar Castle, discovered by DLNR staff at Kure Atoll in 2006, provides NOAA maritime archaeologists a challenging site to record and interpret. Though site features are quite extensive, the basic methods of baseline trilateration and photo mosaic survey are well suited to inventory survey, and the simple logistics of getting time at the site represents the largest obstacle. Asking the right questions which will lead us to a productive inquiry presents a higher level of challenge. Though we romanticize the days of the last commercial sailing ships, the late 19th century was a time of brutal and increasingly hazardous working conditions for the merchant sailor. Sailing ships grew larger and stronger, but were manned by smaller crews, as ship owners faced increasing competition with steamship lines. Seamen, declared wards of the State and incapable of making a free contract, could be arrested for quitting their dangerous jobs, while American “bucko” mates used force to maintain control. That was the culture on board. Were these iron ships a mark of progress? Or were things moving backwards? What kind of evidence at the site might support this hypothesis?

Bringing Home the Macon; Recording the Archaeological Remains of a “Flying Aircraft Carrier”
Robert V. Schwemmer, West Coast Regional Maritime Heritage Program Coordinator

USS Macon was the last U.S. built rigid airship and was constructed by Goodyear-Zeppelin Corp. in 1933. At 785 feet in length the dirigible was considered the largest of its design and was equipped to carry Sparrowhawk F9C-2 fighter biplanes. The remains of the Maconand her four aircraft rest at a depth of nearly one third of a mile in the near-shore waters of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The expedition to the Macon site is the first archaeological investigation within the boundaries of the sanctuary. NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program and its partners are utilizing cutting-edge technology in order to document the site and to interpret it for the purposes of protection, management and public education. This paper will chronicle the efforts and technologies utilized to access, videotape, photograph, and create a photo-mosaic of this unique American flying aircraft carrier.

Ahihi-Kinau
Trisha Drennan, Scientific Consultant Services, Inc.

In April of 2006 the “Southeast Maui Maritime Project”, aboard the Research Vessel Pilialoha, conducted a magnetometer and visual survey within the submerged portion of the “Ahihi-Kinau Nature Preserve” and La Perouse Bay. The primary mission was to determine if remains of the steamship Bee were to be found within the boundaries of the nature reserve. Magnetic data was collected within the survey area and divers explored the one possible “hit”. Cultural remains were discovered but not those of the steamship Bee. Magnetic data, collected along the face to Maui’s most recent lava flow, may prove useful to geologists. The negative results of the search for the steamship Bee contributes to our growing data base of where shipwrecks are not to be found.

McGregor’s and Makena Landing
Richard W. Rogers, Pilialoha Consultants

Goods flowing in and out of South Maui during the 19th century passed through two landings. McGregor’s Landing served shippers near the West Maui Mountain, while Makena Landing served those shipping from the southern flanks of Haleakala. In April of 2006 The “South Maui Maritime Expedition” set out on the research vessel Pilialoha to document the cultural remains at these two abandoned ports and other sites of interest. Divers were able to complete a site map of the collapsed pilings and stumps at McGregor’s Landing. A second survey was conducted at Makena Landing, a few miles to the east. This survey of the exposed bottom features revealed piles of ballast stones and the possible remains of a shipwreck in the anchorage area of the small bay. No excavation was conducted and no artifacts were removed from the survey areas during the 2006 season.

The Changing Shoreline near the Hilo Harbor
Thomas R. Wolforth, Scientific Consultant Services, Inc.

Reed’s Bay is a popular place for locals and tourists to enjoy the calm waters of Hilo Bay. The County of Hawai‘i is in the process of expanding their facilities there to enhance that experience. The archaeological and cultural resource investigations conducted as part of that process provides an opportunity to see beyond the splashing toddlers, and the small craft harbor, and reflect on how historical and pre-contact activities shaped the shoreline.

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17th Annual Symposium, February 18-20, 2006
ABSTRACTS (In order of presentation)

Oceania�s Canoe Voyaging Renaissance: Combining Cultural Revival and Research
Ben Finney, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai�i (bfinney@hawaii.edu)

Over the last 75 years junks, rafts and canoes have been sailed to, from, and among the Pacific islands to shed light on migrations theories, provide data and insights on sailing performance and navigation, and celebrate ancient seafaring achievements. Oddly, however, the first projects�Eric de Bisschop�s 1930s attempts to drift-sail a junk from China to Polynesia, and Thor Heyerdahl�s drift-sail of the raft Kon-Tiki from Peru to the Tuamotus in 1947�ignored Oceanic canoes and voyaging traditions. The focus shifted during the late 1950s and early 1960s, when Francis Cowan and Ben Finney separately built and tested Tahitian and Hawaiian sailing canoes as first steps toward reconstructing and sailing blue water voyaging canoes over Polynesia�s ancient migration and communication routes. Since then Polynesian groups from several islands have built Hokule�a, Hawaikinui, Te Au o Tonga and Te Aurere and other modern versions of voyaging canoes, and have sailed them on long voyages throughout much of Polynesia. Other groups from islands of Micronesia and Melanesia, where voyaging either never died out or did so recently enough so that aging canoe masters can still provide leaderships and guidance, have joined in this seafaring renaissance. This paper recounts and analyses these developments, and serves as a prelude to the next two papers to be presented by Marianne George and Joe Genz from current projects to revive and research voyaging among the atolls of Micronesia�s Marshall Islands, and on the Polynesians outliers of Taumako and adjacent Reef Islands located in Eastern Melanesia�s Santa Cruz group.

Swell and Current Patterns in Marshall Islands Navigation: A Preliminary Comparison of Indigenous and Oceanographic Perspectives
Joe Genz, Anthropology PhD candidate, University of Hawai�i (genz@hawaii.edu)
Ben Finney, Anthropology Emeritus Faculty, University of Hawai�i
Oliver Vetter, Oceanography MS student, University of Hawai�i
Mark Merrifield, Oceanography Professor, University of Hawai�i

The Marshall Islands system of navigation is based on distinctive swell and current patterns. Most explanations of this system, which derive from a report by the German sea captain Winkler in 1898, focus on the role of swell refraction. However, a preliminary model created by University of Hawai�i oceanographers indicate that the underwater topography of the atolls in the Marshall Islands is too steep for refracted swells to extend beyond sight range of the islands (10 nautical miles). Yet, Marshallese navigators are said to be able to detect refracted swells, and interference patterns between them, well beyond the sight range of atolls. We are working on a collaborative navigation project called Kapeel in Meto (indigenous knowledge of the ocean) with Waan Aelon in Majel (Canoes of the Marshall Islands) and master navigator Captain Koren Joel to develop a computer model of the salient swell and current patterns surrounding Majuro Atoll, which may involve a complex interplay of swell reflection, diffraction, and bathymetry- and current-induced refraction. We present a preliminary comparison of indigenous and oceanographic perspectives on the swell and current patterns used in Marshallese navigation.

Voyaging Stories and Descriptions of Two Polynesian Ariki Who Sailed Extensively Aboard Vaka o Lata Canoes During the Last Century
Marianne George, Vaka Taumako Project

Because deep sea voyaging disappeared so quickly in the main islands of the Polynesian triangle we have virtually no systematic and detailed accounts of how Polynesians there built, sailed and navigated their deep-sea canoes. Fortunately, however, because the people of the remote �Polynesian outliers� of Taumako and the Outer Reef islets of the Santa Cruz Islands (located between the Solomons and Vanuatu) kept voyaging until the 1960s, surviving Polynesian voyagers from these islands can still recount in detail how they built, sailed and navigated their canoes in this part of the Western Pacific. This paper focuses on the recollections, explanations and demonstrations provided to me from 1993 through 2005 by a pair of venerable voyagers from these islands: Paramount Chief K. K. Kaveia and �great, great, great grandmother� Joslyn Sale, whose experiences and recollections date from early 1900s. They provide systematic accounts of building, sailing and navigating voyaging canoes, and their use in the �red feather money� trade of the Santa Cruz group, as well for sailing to more distant islands. These shed light on: the design of �vaka o Lata� voyaging canoes; how they are made and by whom: how they are handled in storm conditions; strategies and motivations for voyaging; how the �wind compass� is used as �the true Polynesian system of navigation�; what �te lapa� is and how it is used for landfinding; as well as the reasons why these skilled sailors ceased traditional voyaging in the 1960s and then started building them again in 1997. In addition, they recall such events as: arriving by canoe at Taumako Island during the 1918 flu epidemic, which killed all but 37 of the island�s people; attending the 1935 meeting of all Ariki (chiefs) at Vanikoro, when they decided to use British currency instead of traditional red feather money except for marriage gifts and the �purchase� of canoes; and, during the 1970s and early 1980s, the demands of the external government that the people build voyaging canoes for government ceremonial and cultural purposes, despite the fact that they themselves had been prohibited from building and sailing them for their own use. These chiefly voyagers offer an unprecedented window on active Polynesian voyaging in the Santa Cruz group, long after long-distance sailing had ceased within the Polynesian triangle.

Caroline Islands Canoe Connections to the Philippines: Accidental or Purposeful? CANCELLED
Francisco Datar, Academy for Culture and Education (yapheadstart@mail.fm)

Oral history of the Yapese mentions the connection between the Philippines and the Caroline Islands of what is now the Federated States of Micronesia's State of Yap. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is possibly a connection. A lineage in Samar, Philippines with the surname of Dagsa (swept away) claims descent from ancestors that came from out in the Pacific (some believing Palau).
This paper proposed the utilization of methodologies to establish the connection between the two cultures. Multi-disciplinal expertise will be employed to analyze the different bodies of data. The paper will also discuss the proposal to test the hypothesis that this Caroline Island-Philippines connection was always merely a case of bad weather conditions that swept away Caroline Island travelers and fishermen to the shores of eastern Philippines; but rather that Carline Island Yapese (not necessarily just Palau Islanders) with their maritime expertise, intentionally came to the Philippines either to trade or to exploit Philippine marine and other resources. Further the possibility that such travel existed well before the coming of the Spaniards will also be carefully examined as well.
Some completed initial work in relation to records of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, Samar area sites visits, and an initial limited sample of oral histories will be presented as background information for the new detailed research undertaking.
The detailed plan for oral, historical, socio-cultural, linguistic, archaeological, and biological data gathering and analysis to further evaluate this Caroline Islands-Philippine connection will also be detailed.

Nainoa Thompson, navigator and sail master of the double-hulled canoe Hokule'a, has for more than 25 years inspired and led a revival of traditional arts associated with long-distance ocean voyaging in Hawai`i and throughout Polynesia. Mr. Thompson has developed a system of way-finding, or non-instrument navigation, synthesizing traditional principles of ancient Pacific navigation and modern scientific knowledge. He is the first Hawaiian and the first Polynesian to practice the art of wayfinding on long distance ocean voyages since such voyaging ended in Hawai`i around the 14^th century.

Is there a �Voyaging� Period in the East Polynesian Archaeological Sequence? CANCELLED
Robert Bollt, University of Hawai`i (bollt@hawaii.edu)

This paper examines the earliest securely dated archaeological sites in East Polynesia in terms of a proposed voyaging model that makes a strong distinction between initial discovery and exploitation, and permanent settlement. The truly earliest sites in East Polynesia all date from the 11-12^th centuries AD, and are generally rich in bone, especially bird bone, and contain few or no artifacts. On the other hand, most early artifact bearing sites date from the late 13^th-early 15^th centuries AD, and exhibit a striking homogeneity in terms of material culture, and bird bone become much more scarce. This paper tentatively proposes that the non-artifact bearing layers and sites are possibly representative of a �Voyaging� period during which natural resources were being exploited and permanent settlement ware rare. The later artifact bearing layers and sites are interpreted as definitive permanent settlement sites, and the homogeneity in material culture can be explained by the idea that cultural differentiation had not yet occurred between the archipelagoes.

It�s time again for an annual update, and the Maritime Heritage Program has had a busy year. Featured projects for the Pacific Islands regional office in 2005 include: magnetometer survey and new shipwreck discoveries at French Frigate Shoals, site work on the 19^th century whaling wrecks at Pearl and Hermes Atoll and Kure Atoll, diagnostic artifacts recovered and conserved, the continuing mystery of the navy tanker Mission San Miguel at Maro Reef, data collection and site assessment at the Japanese midget sub off Pearl Harbor, laser scan of Sakamaki�s HA-19 at Fredericksburg Texas, completion of a maritime heritage brochure, bookmark, and short film entitled History beneath the Waves: Maritime Heritage in the Hawaiian Islands, a web site launched, a second maritime archaeologist hired, plans for the NOAA facility at Ford Island underway, dives with the National Park Service, a Maritime Heritage Educator�s national conference� This presentation covers in brief some highlights from the past year. The multiple choice quiz at the end of the talk is optional.

Beachcombing, Magnetometers and Hooka Diving: Expeditions to a 16th Century Shipwreck in Baja, California.
Rick Rogers, Pilialoha (plialoha@hula.net)

Ming-era porcelain sherds on a beach in Mexico have led a team of archaeologists from the U.S. and Mexico to conclude that they have identified the shipwreck of a 16th century "Manila Galleon", the highest probability being the "San Felipe" missing since 1576. In 2003 the site was further defined by identifying the location of artifacts that had once been attached to the hull of the vessel. Magnetometer surveys on land and in the adjacent waters identified five distinct anomalies. An under-water dredging device was used in conjunction with a surface supplied air supply to remove tons of sand matrix above the only accessible anomaly.
This paper will discuss the methodology, difficulties and results of this endeavor.

Throughout most of history the direction of Chinese imperial ambition was south. The throne faced south, the mariner�s compass was oriented to the south, the main city gates faced south, and to the south lay the entrepots of Southeast Asia and trade routes to the Indian Ocean. However, there were East Asian junks on the Pacific in a number of different contexts through the centuries. Intentionally or otherwise, junk sailors made the far shore of the Americas. The traces of these voyages come down to us in the form of myths and legends, observations and reports, photographs and fairs, and yes even archaeological evidence. What do these incidental voyagers tell us? This presentation takes a peek at the odd tale of junks on the Pacific. Could that include Admiral Zheng He�s Ming Dynasty galleons?

MAHHI Update: NAS Certification in Hawai`i
Suzanne Finney, Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation (finney@mahhi.org), www.mahhi.org

In September 2005 MAHHI entered into an agreement with the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) to offer NAS training courses in Hawai`i. These training courses provide those interested in maritime archaeology the opportunity to receive instruction in basic techniques including survey, photography and mapping. Advanced training is also available. This presentation gives a brief overview of the activities of the organization in the past year and describes the training courses that will be offered by MAHHI beginning in Summer 2006.

In the footsteps of Charles Darwin- the Galapagos Islands
Barbara Keating, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i (bkeating@hawaii.edu)

Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands in 1835, after nearly 4 years at sea on the H.M.S. Beagle. The ship had completed mapping surveys of the western coast of South America, sailing from Lima, Peru and continuing on to the Society Islands (Tahiti, twinty-five days of sailing south). The ship spent 36 days in the island chain, and Charles Darwin and 4 shipmates were able to visit 9 sites on the 4 largest islands of the group, and spent 19 days ashore. Each of the shore party was responsible for collecting plants, animals, insects, and rocks. The birds of the Galapagos Islands and the tortoises were of particular interest to Darwin, but he spent much of his time ashore studying the volcanoes of the islands.
Darwin saw his first volcanic craters on these islands. He estimated there were at least 2000 volcanic craters present on the flanks of the islands. He remarked on their shape and distribution and observed that they were often asymmetrical in height due to the trade winds. Because the islands are arid and have scarse vegetation along the coastlines, Darwin remarked that nothing could be less inviting than his first glimpse of the islands. He also described the lava fields as �a sea petrified in its most bloiserous moments� nothing can be imagined more rough and horrid.�
Darwin was first informed of the uniqueness of species on different islands by Mr, Lawson the Vice-Governor. And, nine months later he reflected on the variations in life forms he observed in the Galapagos Islands (as recorded in his field notebooks). It was only after shore studies in England that the nature and distribution of various species became evident based upon on the collections made during the voyage. Charles Darwin spent the remainder of his life studying the rich data and collections associated with the Voyage of the Beagle.

New Research on Submerged TBF Aircraft in Channel Islands National Park
Patrick Smith. Coastal Maritime Archaeology Resources (Subarch@aol.com) (Presented by Don Froning, MAHHI)

Shortly after the establishment of the Channel Islands National Park in 1980, resource managers became aware of an aircraft wreck off Anacapa Island. Awareness of the aircraft, known as �the bomber�, was widespread in the local diving community, but information as to the location of the site was not made available to Park Service staff. Several years later, in a joint project with Coastal Maritime Archaeology Resources (CMAR) and the assistance of local divers, the aircraft was located. Subsequently identified as a Grumman TBF Avenger, the history and circumstances of how it came to its end in 130 feet of water off the Channel Islands was unknown. Initial investigation and research through government and military sources provided no clues to the circumstances of the loss aircraft and its crew. This paper will introduce recent research that may finally provide the answers that have eluded investigators for so many years.

Pacific Warfare Archaeology: The World War II Maritime Landscape of Northern Queensland, Australia
Bradley L. Garrett, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia (brad@archaeologyunderwater.com)

This paper examines the maritime World War II landscapes and seascapes of the Townsville area in North Queensland, Australia. Topics to be addressed include militaristic maritime cultures, maritime landscapes, legislation and management of submerged World War II heritage.
Building upon research conducted by the maritime archaeology department at James Cook University in the summer of 2005, this paper deconstructs multiple components of what has become an integral part of Australia�s maritime history. Current archaeological and heritage site management is examined in both terrestrial and maritime contexts, allowing for comparisons which reveal inherent state level bias toward terrestrial World War II sites regardless of cultural significance.
A magnetometer survey was conducted in Cleveland Bay, just outside of Townsville, to locate a Douglas C47 carrier jet which crashed in 1943, killing all 23 United States soldiers on board. This was Australia�s 5^th worst air disaster. Despite this, the site, the war grave of these soldiers, has been offered no protection by the city, state, or federal governments. Current management policies toward World War II sites in Queensland must be reanalyzed in order to address issues of proper site management.
Finally, this paper will articulate the importance of public participation in research endeavors regarding the archaeology of Pacific warfare, and highlights the significance of maritime World War II sites to living communities.

What Can the Battles of Kamehameha Tell Us About the Archaeological Expression of Ancient Hawaiian Battlefields?
Thomas R. Wolforth, Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. (wolfortht001@hawaii.rr.com)

Many battles were fought in Hawai�i in the centuries prior to the reign of Kamehameha. The location of some battles is relatively well known. Most are not. Yet even at those few places where the battle location can be established, we have little information on where armies camped before and after the battle, how the opposing armies situated themselves on the landscape, how they advanced and retreated, how and where they treated the slain, and other mundane and dramatic aspects of the engagement.
Archaeological investigations have proven fruitful in documenting these kinds of aspects of military encounters that have occurred for centuries past all over the world. The archaeology of Hawaiian warfare has focused on luakini heiau, refuge caves, and weaponry, but not on the place of battle. Given the nature of Hawaiian warfare, it is recognized that archaeological manifestations of battles are not going to be obvious, but that does not mean that they do not exist. The challenge is to find ways to get at the archaeological data that this type of site has created.
One approach to understanding how ancient armies moved around a battlefield is to study how more recent battles unfolded. Kamehameha fought in or directed over a dozen battles in the decade long campaign to rule the island of Hawai�i, beginning with the battle at Moku�ōhai, and culminating in the Battle of the Red Mouthed Gun (Kepūwaha�ula�ula). This paper briefly addresses the status of the archaeology of Hawaiian warfare, and tells the story of the battles that Kamehameha fought on the island of Hawai�i between 1782 and 1792.

Brig Lady Washington's Hawaiian Odyssey, 1794-1796 CANCELLED
Jim Mockford (mockford@teleport.com)

American Brig Lady Washington made several voyages to Hawaii in the mid-1790s. It was the first American flag vessel to enter the Pacific and begin fur trading on the Northwest Coast under the command of Robert Gray in 1788. As consort vessel to the Columbia Rediviva commanded by John Kendrick the Lady Washington was originally rigged as a sloop and made its first visit to Hawaii as a sloop en route to China. But the story of the Lady Washington�s visits to Hawaii after conversion to brig in 1790 led the author to the examination of the Hawaiian voyagers who sailed with Americans during the last decade of the 18^th century. Captains Gray and Kendrick switched command of their respective ships in 1789 and it was Robert Gray who arrived in Hawaii first on Columbia Rediviva. Two Hawaiians were invited to join the Americans on their return voyage to Boston and Otoo and Opai also became the first Hawaiians to circumnavigate the world.
This paper is not only about the first Hawaiian men to sail across the Pacific on American tall ships but it will examine the voyages by two Hawaiian women, Rahina and Timarroe who sailed in 1792 on the English Brig Jenny to Nootka Sound and at the request of Captain Baker were transferred to George Vancouver�s Discovery for return to the Hawaiian Islands in 1793. While on the American west coast Rahina and Timarroe introduced the Hula to a joint meeting of British and Spanish officers and their wives described by the author in his essay, �Dance and Diplomacy at Nootka Sound and Monterey in 1792� published in Noticias del Puerto de Monterey: Quarterly Bulletin of the Art and History Association of Monterey (2003). In 1796 Captain Broughton of HMS Providence mentioned the two women by name in his journal as he recognized the Rahina and Timaroe from having witnessed their hula at Monterey in 1792 when he served as Lieutenant and Commander of HMS Chatham under Vancouver. Broughton�s voyage journal also provides documentation of the visit of Lady Washington to Hawaii in 1796 that was the last visit by the ship to Hawaii before it sank in a storm on the Philippine coast in 1797. The story of the Lady Washington in Hawaii from the time of Captain Kendrick�s death at Pearl Harbor in 1794 to its last visit in 1796 is gradually becoming known through the examination of other ship logs from that era.

Hawaii Shipping News: Anecdotes from the Archives
Peter Mills, University of Hawai`i - Hilo (millsp@hawaii.edu)

Over the last decade, the presenter has had the opportunity to conduct research in Mainland archival collections at the Bancroft Library (Berkeley), Kendall Whaling Museum (New Bedford, Mass), Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston), Houghton and Baker Libraries (Harvard), Phillips Library (Salem, Massachusetts), and at the Nantucket Historical Association archives, specifically to compile unpublished information from early 19^th century ships� logs pertaining to the Hawaiian Islands. Many of the logs� entries provide insights into the changing nature of life on Hawaiian shores that are not readily apparent from other more widely circulated and cited historical texts. Several anecdotes from the logs are presented with a discussion of their anthropological significance.

The Mahukona Harbor Steamship Site: An Archaeological History, and �Is It the Steamer Kauai?�
Donald Froning Jr., Maritime Archaeology and History of the Hawaiian Islands Foundation (froning@mahhi.org) www.mahhi.org

Every ship has a history; every shipwreck has a history as well. With regard to shipwrecks that have been investigated archaeologically, it is sometimes easy to think in terms of a direct transformation of the site from the time the ship was wrecked to the time the wrecksite was investigated, but of course this is not the case. The process is gradual, and the process continues beyond the time of the archaeological investigation.
Many people believe that the steamship site at Mahukona Harbor, on the Kohala Coast of Hawai�i Island, is the remains of the Steamer Kauai which sank at Mahukona Harbor in December 1913. In the first portion of this presentation, I will show what is known about the sinking of the Steamer Kauai, and what is known of the history of the Mahukona Harbor Steamship Site, including a chronology of the archaeological investigations. In the second portion, I will suggest what conclusions, if any, may be drawn from the archaeological, historical, and oral evidence regarding the identity of the wreck.

The design concept of one of the sailing boats of our voyaging ancestors has no fixed bow or stern. This concept of at least two thousand years old, may open up a new era in the form of sailing boats and fishing boats, propelled by wind.
There are no forward and aft perpendiculars and the keel itself turns in to perpendiculars at both ends.
The curvature of the keel is absolutely symmetric at amidship and both sections are in duplicate hyperbolic shape, touching each other on the tip of x-axis. The keel is constructed as a bar keel type.
Transversely the cross section is symmetric at centerline and both halves are in identical parabolic shape, crown downwards.
The mast is placed right in to the geometric center of the boat, longitudinally and transversely. The sail is in rectangular form.
There is no fixed rudder and an oar with a uniformly wider end is used as a rudder. Inverted hooks are placed on the starboard side of each end and the rudder is slipped in according to the direction of sailing and wind.
The speed of this unique boat, I believe, topped 9 knots from time to time with no fear of capsizing.
Block coefficient, Waterplane area coefficient, Midship section coefficient, Longitudinal prismatic coefficient and Vertical prismatic coefficient of this boat reveals very interesting and interrelated ratios.
The depth, draft and freeboard ratios are worth to study to find out the physical features leading to high speed and almost non capsizing stability, which is almost impossible to achieved in our modern time.

Human Impacts on Hawaiian Seabirds: Resource Use at Nu`alolo Kai, Kaua`i
Kelley Esh, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i (esh@hawaii.edu)

Seabirds have always been an important resource for colonizers of the Pacific � as a food item, for feathers, and as an indicator of land to voyagers. Unfortunately, human colonization of islands is also strongly associated with the population decline, extirpation, and extinction of native birds. This paper will explore prehistoric resource utilization of seabirds at Nu�alolo Kai, a coastal settlement on the Nā Pali coast of Kaua�i, in an attempt to more thoroughly understand past human-bird interactions at this particular site. The analysis of the avifaunal material focuses on subsistence change and resource depression, as well as examining temporal changes in associated material culture (i.e., bird bone tools). In addition, the relevance of these analyses to long-term management of modern seabird populations will be considered.

Material Remnants of War in Roviana: exploring responses, tourism potential, and implications for archaeology
Erika Stein, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia (erika@archaeologyunderwater.com)

The Pacific Islands have certainly experienced a vicissitude of European-Islander contacts, from interactions with Captain James Cook to Christian missionaries to the slave and labor trade. None of these encounters, however, have left such a multitude of material remains as did the Second World War, but how have the people that live amongst them responded to such remains? This paper will explore how Solomon Islanders of the Roviana Lagoon have responded to the post WWII landscape and the materials within it, particularly by investigating how Roviana people have appropriated the post-war landscape and the material remnants within it. The study has endeavored to do this through ethnographic research, most of which comes from a single village in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands called Sasavelle, an old American war base. The theme of salvaging arises through these investigations and is important to note as it currently is a zeitgeist in the field of maritime archaeology. The paper will also go over a further extension of re-appropriation by looking at past undertakings of World War II tourism in the area as well as the potential for further community-based war tourism that aims to bring money into villages at the local level. In documenting this, it is hopeful that a larger understanding is obtained on how the Second World War affected the people of the Pacific Islands while there is still first-hand ethnographic research to gain.

16th Annual Symposium, February 18-20, 2005
ABSTRACTS (In order of presentation)

Welcomes
   Sherwood Maynard, Marine Option Program, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa
   Michael W. Graves, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa
   Suzanne S. Finney, MAHHI Foundation

Putting the Public Underwater: New Education Opportunities with the USS Arizona
Annalies Corbin and Andrew Hall, PAST Foundation

In the fall of 2004, the PAST Foundation partnered with the Submerged Resources Center of the U.S. National Park Service to present a web-based feature on efforts to preserve the wreck of USS Arizona. By combining historical accounts of the disaster, information on Park Service's efforts to assess and preserve the wreck, video clips and daily updates from scientists in at the site, the PAST Foundation was able to provide both news and context about the work being done. During the first month after the project went online, over twenty thousand individual web pages and an estimated seventy thousand images related to the project were downloaded by visitors to the website. Given USS Arizona's status as a protected war grave and the long-standing prohibitions on diving there, the NPS/PAST Foundation website offered visitors an effective, alternative means of seeing how archaeologists work, and a better understanding of why that work serves the public interest.

Science For Stewardship: Interdisciplinary Research on USS Arizona
Matt Russell, Submerged Resources� Center, National Park Service

The National Park Service�s Submerged Resources Center and USS Arizona Memorial are conducting and coordinating research directed at understanding the nature and rate of natural processes affecting the deterioration of the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.� The USS Arizona Preservation Project is designed to be multi-year, interdisciplinary and cumulative, with each element contributing to developing an overall management strategy designed to provide the basic research required to make informed management decisions for long-term preservation and minimize environmental hazard from fuel oil release.� The primary project focus is toward acquiring requisite data for understanding the complex corrosion and deterioration processes affecting Arizona�s hull, both internally and externally, and modeling and predicting the nature and rate of structural changes.� This research program is designed to be a cumulative progression of multi-disciplinary investigative steps.� Multiple lines of evidence are being pursued simultaneously, each directly or indirectly linked to the others and to the overall project objectives.� This project is an example of government agencies, academic institutions, military commands and private institutions working together effectively for public benefit.� The USS Arizona Preservation Project is designed to serve as a model because it will have direct application to preservation and management of historical iron and steel vessels worldwide and to intervention actions for other leaking vessels.

More Than Pretty Pictures: The Central Role of Videography in Deep Water Archaeology
Dennis Aig, Montana State University/PAST Foundation

Deep water exploration technology has transformed video from a purely recording medium to a major data collection resource.� With the increased use of Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) for deep water work,� the ROV video cameras and the signals they send back to the ships have become the collectors of primary scientific data.� In both 2003 and 2004, PAST documentary teams worked with groups of scientists examining deep water wrecks � the deepest at 6500 feet -in the Gulf of Mexico.� This paper will discuss the challenges this new role for videography presents as well as the emerging possibilities for greater public outreach and participation in archaeological expeditions.

Exhibits Beyond Borders
Sheli O. Smith, PAST Foundation, and Paul Hundley, Australian National Maritime Museum

Applying technology and collaboration makes it possible for exhibits to go beyond the single museum venue and reach many more people than traditionally possible. This is especially important to archaeology as we endeavor to engender a worldwide sense of stewardship.

Alexo de Castro, An Inquisitional Sinner: Crossing the Pacific from Manila to Mexico in 1646 and Beyond
James Tueller, Associate Professor of History, Brigham Young University-Hawaii

On April 24, 1646 Alexo de Castro appeared before the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Mexico City for suspicion of following the �false sect of Muhammad.�� In the history of Spain and its Empire, Castro�s story is extremely unusual and illustrative of the voyaging connections across the Pacific Ocean in the early modern world.� Castro was not from the Mexico, or anywhere else in the American continents.� His father was a Galician from Spain and his mother was from Tidore in the Spice Islands.� He was first accused of practicing Muslim rites in 1643 while living in Manila with his Christian wife.� After initial investigations, he was sent to Mexico on the trans-Pacific galleon trade.� The ships sailing between Acapulco and Manila connected East Asian markets with American worlds, catching Castro in between.

This paper will examine the life of Alexo de Castro, a half-caste Spaniard and Malay who fought as a soldier for both the kingdoms of Portugal and Spain.� His story illuminates the connections and trangressions that crossed the early modern Pacific Ocean.

The Manila Galleon and the Mariana Islands: Transpacific Maritime Commerce and the Transformation of an Indigenous Pacific Society
Frank Quimby, Public Information Specialist, U. S. Department of the Interior

The Manila to Acapulco galleon trade (c. 1570 to 1815) brought the first sustained contact between Western and Pacific island peoples and provided the opportunity for the first European colonization of an indigenous Pacific society. The trading line, which completed the earliest version of the global economy by commercially linking America and Asia, became associated with the Mariana Islands because of geography: the islands were the western terminus of the trade winds sailing route (along the Equatorial Counter Current) from Central America. From Legaspi onward, Spanish seafarers and traders used the passage between northern Guam and southern Rota as a navigation checkpoint and replenishing station on their way to the Spanish trading colony in the Philippines. On the return route, the galleons usually sailed far north of the Marianas, but if the ships had been damaged by storms, they occasionally stopped at Guam, Rota or Saipan for repair.

The first major phase of significant cultural interaction between the Spanish and Chamorro people of the Marianas was a flourishing trade. The ships needed water, food and firewood after the long and arduous westward crossing. The Chamorros were eager to trade these supplies for iron � from nails and barrel hoops to knives, cutlasses and guns. This trade � which the islanders conducted from their sailing canoes as the galleons slowly drifted through the Guam-Rota passage� �� was carried on regularly for more than a century, from the inception of the line to the late 17^th century. The success of the trade, which enriched the Chamorro clans and villages most adept at it, led to more intense cultural interaction when occasional shipwrecks stranded hundreds of Spanish, Filipino and Mestizoes in the Marianas for lengthy sojourns.

In the second major phase of cultural interaction, the galleon line provided the vehicle for Spanish clerics to open a new field of evangelical endeavor in the Marianas. An influential Spanish Jesuit with ties to the Royal Court dedicated himself to the islands conversion after stopping at the Marianas on the galleon trip to his Philippine station. He also was interested in using the Marianas as archipelagic stepping stones for a Jesuit re-entry into Japan and eventually used his influence to force the galleon line authorities in New Spain, against their commercial interests and instincts, to support his Mission to the Marianas. Because of the presence of this settlement � the first of its kind in the Pacific � the galleon line�s voluntary reprovisioning stops at Guam were made mandatory port calls to resupply and occasionally reinforce the mission.��

The cultural conflict that resulted from the mission�s zealotry, denunciation of tradition customs, and imposition of Spanish Catholicism led to the first anti-colonial movement in the oceanic Pacific, the Chamorro Wars of Liberation, which began in

In the footsteps of Charles Darwin- the Galapagos Islands Barbara Keating, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i (bkeating@hawaii.edu)

In the footsteps of Charles Darwin- the Galapagos Islands
Barbara Keating, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i (bkeating@hawaii.edu)